SBenegaL

Category: Organizational Behavior

  • Stress: Consequences – Eustress & Distress

    In the last byte, we looked at personal demands that affected stress levels in individuals. In today’s byte, we look at the consequences of stress and essentially cover 2 concepts – eustress and distress.

    It is a general assumption that stress is bad – but this is not really the case always. We have talked about eustress in an earlier discussion. The when the stress begins affecting the individual, we have another term – distress. It would be good to summarize the discussion in a pictorial form.

    The above picture is adapted from the reference book.

    An organization striving for high quality products and services would need to have a healthy workforce to support the effort. Eustress is a characteristic of healthy people; and distress is not!

  • Stress: Personal Demands

    In the last byte, we looked at home demands that act as sources of stress. In today’s byte, we look at personal demands that act as sources of stress.

    It is commonly seen in the work environment there are some employees who are workaholic. Workaholism is defined as an imbalanced preoccupation with work at the expense of home and personal life satisfaction. Generally this is self-imposed. Some early signs of workaholism include over commitment to work, inability to enjoy vacations and respites from work, preoccupation with work problems when away from the workplace, and constantly taking work home on the weekends.

    Another type of personal demand comes from civic activities, volunteer work, non organizational commitments etc these demands become more or less stressful depending on their compatibility with the person’s work and family life and their capacity to provide alternative satisfactions for the person.

    Certain situations like job loss, examination failures, termination of romantic attachments etc are all traumatic and could lead to distress if these are not addressed and resolved.

  • Stress: Home Demands

    In the last byte, we discussed about physical demands at work place that forms the source of stress. In today’s byte, we begin understanding non-work demands and the first of these – “Home Demands”.

    The fast changing lifestyle in both urban and rural areas is giving rise to issues that were hereto unseen or unheard of. Family demands related to marriage, child rearing and parental care are common questions that couples in the urban society need to answer. The expectations and lifestyle changes we find today are drastically different from the traditional families that we once knew of. The changing family values and the adoption of newer ones are creating challenges in the process of transition.

    It is increasingly common in urban areas to find parent leave their kids in day care. There is an increasing tension between work and family by people – these acts as a source of real struggle for these people to find a balance in life. In quite a few cases, the attention of the employee would be on the child’s development, when there are increasing demands of work that keep requesting attention. These contrasting demands on the individual cause stress.

    A good way to handle these for any individual is to set out a clear priority. This helps reallocate time to achieve a better balance in life.

    As the society evolves, we shall find more people attempting to find an integrative social identity, integrating the various social roles into a whole identity for a more stress-free balance in work and non-work identities. This process of integration is however not going to be an easy one!

  • Stress: Physical Conditions

    In the last byte, we looked at the various interpersonal demands that could act as a potential source of stress. In today’s byte, we look at how the physical conditions in a work place could act as a source of stress.

    It would be a personal experience for almost all of us – invariably when we are tiered having worked for a long time on something, and it someone else asks for something we shout back! This is a common experience and shouting is a reaction that expresses the stress our body has had.

    Such stress would be higher if the individual has been working in an environment that doesn’t have a conducive atmosphere – say a temperature that is non ambient (could be working close to a furnace for long hours!), an extremely crowded space where lot of people are cramped and working on the production process etc. Such inhuman working conditions are the reason why factories with such harsh conditions are called “sweat shops”.

    It is important to realize that the physical demands of work are often occupation specific. In the case of military pilots who fly high-speed jets, the risk involved would be of gravitationally induced loss of consciousness; in the case of CEOs who globe-trotter pretty frequently, would complaint of jet lag and loss of sleep. All these form sources of stress that evolve out of the work environment.

    In the more common IT scenario, an ergonomic misfit between the person and work place would lead to stress too – the forms could be eyestrain, neck-stiffness and arm/wrist problems etc. So it’s time that we look back at these factors and think of improving the work environment to reduce physical stress.

  • Stress: Interpersonal Demands

    In the last byte, we looked at role related issues that act as a source of stress. In today’s byte, we look at Interpersonal demands that act as a source of stress.

    We could look at interpersonal demands in the following categories:

    1. Emotional Toxins
    2. Sexual Harassment
    3. Poor Leadership
    4. Trust Related
    We quite sometimes find an individual with abrasive personality and a find a set of emotions like anger, guilt, shame, fear etc come in immediately. These emotions make us feel “ill”. These spread through the work environment and cause a range of disturbances – this is one potential source of work stress.

    Sexual Harassment is a gender-related interpersonal demand that creates a stressful working environment both for the person being harassed and for others. A vast majority of sexual harassment is directed at women in the work place is a chronic yet preventable workplace problem.

    Employees who feel secure working with strong, directive leadership may be anxious when handling an open management style. Those comfortable with participative leadership style will not feel comfortable with a very directive leadership. Poor leadership in organizations and excessive, demanding management styles are one of the leading sources of work stress.

    Trust is an important characteristic in any leader-follower interpersonal relation. This is the reason why in most cases, a slight threat to the reputation of the employee with her or his supervisor may be especially stressful! Diversity amongst the project groups could act as a hurdle in building a trusting relationship.

  • Stress: Role related issues

    In the last byte, we looked at how task related issues act as a source of stress. In today’s byte, we look at how role related create a social-psychological demand in a work environment and act as source of stress.

    We can classify role related stress into 2 categories:

    1. Role Conflicts
    2. Role Ambiguity
    Role Conflicts result from result from inconsistent or incompatible expectations communicated to a person. Role Ambiguity is the confusion of a person experience related to the expectations of others. Role ambiguity may be caused by not understanding what is expected, not knowing how to do it, or not knowing the result of failure to do it.

    We can understand Role Conflicts better if we can categorize the same. We can classify these into:

    1. Interrole conflict: is caused by conflicting expectations related to two separate roles. Example: an individual could be as an employee and be a parent. In such cases work-family demands could lead to stress.
    2. Intrarole conflict: is caused by conflicting expectation related to a single role. Example: A manager would press an employee to work fast and also deliver a high-quality work – this in some cases could cause conflict for the employee!
    3. Person-role conflict: is caused when an employee is expected to behave in a way that violates personal values, beliefs or principles. Ethics violations are one source of such person-role conflicts.

  • Stress: Task Demands

    In the last byte, we looked categorized the sources of stress. In today’s byte, we look at the first category of the source of work related stress – Task Demands.

    We live in a world of change. Globalization has ushered in dramatic changes in the way we work (to know more about the drivers of the most recent wave of globalization read – World is Flat). With change comes a lot of uncertainty – which for an individual translates to the lack of predictability in the daily tasks and activities. Some manifestation of these changes in the work environment could be – job loss, or underemployment, monotony and boredom at work etc. These create stress in the individual who is facing these changed scenarios.

    Technology (in a colloquial meaning – not the business classification we discussed about earlier) is an important driver of business, and this the change of these technologies only compound the problem further. The change in technology brings along with the fear of being outdated – while training, education and skill development are ways to address this to a certain extent; none the less the uncertainty associated would cause stress.

    While working, there are certain critical factors that we feel are important to be controlled – lack of control could lead to the inability to influence the timing of tasks and activities (and other similar problems) – and create situations that are difficult and psychologically demanding – thus increasing the stress associated.

    Invariably, everyone has a career aspiration and when one gets into a career gridlock (pretty common in the middle management level) it build us stress – this is further compounded by the time pressures one has to address to at work place.

  • Stress: Work and Non Work Related

    In the last byte, we looked at what happens to the body when it is stressed. In today’s byte, we try to understand the source of stress and continue the discussion as we move through the next few bytes.

    We could broadly classify sources or stress into 2 categories – Work related and non work related. These categories are from the context of the origin of the stress. Following is a summary of this classification.



  • Stress: Psychoanalytic Approach 2

    In the last byte, we summarized the various approaches towards understanding stress. Out of these, the psychoanalytic approach highlights the relation between the ego-ideal and self-ideal; it would be interesting to see how the body and mind would trigger a set of responses; this is what we discuss in today’s byte.

    The response to any stress situation is characterized by a predictable sequence of mind and body events. Broadly speaking, stress triggers the release of chemical messengers, primarily adrenaline, into the blood stream. These messengers activate the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine (hormone) system. These 2 systems work together and trigger four mind-body changes to prepare the person for – fight or flight:

    1. the redirection of the blood to the brain and large-muscle group and away from the skin, internal organs and extremities.
    2. Increase alertness by way of improved vision, hearing, and other sensory processes through the activation of the brainstem (ancient brain)
    3. The release of glucose (blood sugar) and fatty acids into the blood stream to sustain the body during the stressful event
    4. Depression of the immune system, as well as restorative and emergent process (such as digestion)
    The combination of the above events, shift a person from being neutral or naturally defensive to an offensive posture.

    In some cases, the stress response could be very functional; it need not be inherently bad or defensive.

  • Stress: Approaches

    In the last byte, we looked at psychoanalytic approach. Just as a pointer to the discussion, it would be right to summarize the discussion on stress with the following diagram.